Mukhtar Mai is red-eyed with exhaustion. The 33-year-old has traveled through the night from Multan, 650km south of the Pakistani capital, Islamabad. She collapses onto a couch in a Spartan aid agency office, talking in short, angry bursts. When a friend takes over, her head starts nodding into sleep. But there is little time for rest.
Earlier this month, a court ordered the release of the six men that Mukhtar’s tearful testimony helped sentence to death three years earlier. Furious at the injustice and fearful for her own safety, she has come to the capital to have them locked up again. “I am in shock,” she said of the acquittal.
However, at the end of last week, Pakistan’s highest Islamic court declared the acquittal illegal. Then, on THrusday, four of the accused were released from jail after the Supreme Court set aside the ruling of the Islamic court.
The courageous Pakistani had thought that this battle was already won.
In 2002, Mukhtar made international news after a council of village elders sentenced her to be raped as punishment for an “honour crime” alleged to have been committed by her younger brother. Before a crowd of several hundred people, four men pushed her into a mud-walled room and raped her repeatedly at gunpoint. Those waiting outside must have heard her screams, among them her distraught father and older brother.
When she emerged, they threw a shawl over her tattered clothes and helped her home. It was not far. The rapists, who lived on the far side of a cotton field, were her nearest neighbours. It was not the rape that made the headlines, but the reaction. To carry out their bestial sentence, the rapists reckoned on Mukhtar’s silence. They reckoned wrong. Fighting back tears, she testified against her attackers in open court. The following August, six men – four rapists and two tribal elders – were sentenced to death by hanging.
For once, in a country where a woman must produce four witnesses to prove rape, the victim became the victor.
Now, Mukhtar feels crushed by the dramatic turn of events and her outrage is widely shared. The decision was a “national tragedy”, wrote the
Daily Times newspaper in a front-page editorial. “This is not a case in which a woman has been raped. This is a case in which a nation has been raped.”
Once more, the illiterate daughter of a timber merchant is in the frontline of the struggle for women’s rights in a male-dominated society. When this all started, there were few signs that the frail-looking villager would have the fortitude of a warrior.
Mukhtar lived a quiet life at her parents’ home in Meerwala on the pan-flat plains of southern Punjab. It is an area of rich soils and burning summers, when temperatures can tip over 50°C. Most families are desperately poor, locked into a feudal system further skewed by divisions of caste and class.
There was, however, one clue to her independent streak. She divorced her husband at 19, three years into an arranged marriage gone wrong. “Both of us had a short temper. You know how it is. When you are young, you are emotional,” is how she explains it.
Then on that fateful night, everything changed. It started over an argument between neighbours. The Mastoi, a higher-caste family who lived on the other side of a cotton field, accused her 12-year-old brother, Shakoor, of having a sexual affair with one of their women. (A government enquiry later exposed the story as hogwash.) Leveraging their social superiority, the Mastoi marched Shakoor to jail and convened a
panchayat, or tribal court, to settle the affair.
Mukhtar and her father went along to plead his innocence. Moments later, she became the solution. Still now, she has difficulty recounting what happened next.
“I am sorry, I have told this story too often,” she says, a hand-shadowing her face. “It disturbs my sleep. I cannot go back there.” The incident could have easily vanished into obscurity. Suicide is a common strategy of rural Pakistani women who are pressured into saving the family “honour”, Mukhtar says.
“In this area, there is no law and no justice. A woman is left with one option, and that is to die.”
But unexpected support stirred her resolve. A local imam denounced the attack at Friday prayers, and the case reached the Urdu-language papers. Then it fanned out into the international media.
By the time that it came to court, the whole country was behind her. The provincial governor visited. President Pervez Musharraf sent a £4,500 (RM33,750) donation, 24-hour police protection, and the offer of a house in Islamabad.
“Not all women have the anger and courage to become strong like that. She became a symbol of courage for us,” says Dr Farzana Bari, director of gender studies at Quaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad.
Mukhtar used the presidential donation to build Meerwala’s first primary schools, where 270 boys and girls are now studying. The benefactor is also one of the most enthusiastic students, through private lessons. “I can write my own name, and count to 100,” she says proudly.
There is also more money than she could imagine. A
New York Times article published last autumn triggered US$133,000 (RM505,400) in donations. She says she will spend the money on more schools and an ambulance service. But good fortune also brought a share of complications. News of the financial windfall has brought many new “friends” into Mukhtar’s orbit.
A dozen men have proposed marriage – an irony for a woman whose rape would normally make her the least desirable prospect in town. “They are just after the money I received, so I turned them all down,” says Mukhtar.
And out at her gate, the 24-hour police guard has never been disbanded. It is a sharp reminder that, for some, Mukhtar remains just a troublesome woman who needs to be shut up – at any cost. “They usually pass the threats through neighbours,” she says. “They say they will kill me with a bomb or a bullet.”
The Mastois remain her main fear. Despite numerous entreaties, Mukhtar refused to forgive her attackers. Instead, she prayed to hasten their executions. “Any person in my place would do the same,” she says firmly. “I cannot pardon them.”
After last week’s verdict, the jubilant Mastoi distributed sweets to children in the street. Later, they returned home to slaughter a buffalo and celebrate through the night.
Mukhtar is worried for her family’s safety, and has spent the first tranche of the
New York Times money on building a permanent police post outside her door. Sometimes, she admits, she regrets ever bringing the case.
“Especially in recent days, I have thought of this,” she says. But this is not the end. She will not leave her house and she will not bend. “Yes there is pressure, but I will not compromise, because if I do, tomorrow they will come and rape another woman in my community.”
It will take much more than one woman to turn back the tide of sexual violence in Pakistan. But Mukhtar believes that her bravery has already made a difference.
“We have heard of several cases of women who were being beaten by their husbands,” she explains with a wry smile. “They warn them: ‘You better stop because, if you continue like this, we will go to Mukhtar Mai.’” -
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